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Synthesized from the 5-carbon precursors isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate; includes the carotenoids, which are precursors of vitamin A and also possess antioxidant effects.
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a synthetic immunomodulatory polypeptide structurally composed of random sequences of four amino acids GA modulates immune responses mainly through affecting dendritic cell (DC) function In vitro studies indicate GA suppresses IL-12p70 secretion in immature DC following lipopolysaccharide stimulation promoting DC differentiation favoring Th2 lineage cells and elevated IL-10 production Further in vivo studies reveal GA treatment alters cytokine profiles and enhances expression of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF NT-3 and NT-4 within specific brain regions of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse models highlighting its utility in immune research and autoimmune disease investigations
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